Potenciais fontes geradoras de contaminação hídrica no Rio Mearim e seus impactos na saúde pública: estudo de caso na cidade de Bacabal, Maranhão

Abstract

We know that water is the essential element for the survival of all organisms. It regulates the entire physiology of any living being's body, and similarly, it is present in all human activities, ranging from food production to energy generation, such as in hydroelectric power plants. Water treatment and supply is guaranteed by law in Brazil; however, not all regions of the country have access to clean, treated water. Therefore, the justification for this research is based on the need to provide health and well-being for the population, as well as to conserve and protect the environment and the biodiversity of aquatic elements. The objective of the study was to analyze the potential sources of water contamination in the Mearim River and their impacts on public health. Among the main problems identified are sewage discharge, deforestation of riparian vegetation, erosion, and the accumulation and burning of garbage on the riverbanks. Data collection was initially based on bibliographic research in articles, academic journals, and national databases during the months of February, March, April, and May. Onsite observations were also conducted, in addition to photographic records taken around the studied river (showing possible polluting factors). Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using a questionnaire via Google Forms for research purposes. This questionnaire had a total of 17 questions divided into four thematic areas with sub-themes within each area. Approximately 95.7% of participants reported having access to potable water in their homes, and that the most frequently used source is the public water supply. About 79 participants stated that they consider the lack of sanitation to be a problem that directly affects public health. Regarding public management and improvements in basic sanitation, approximately 80 participants reported that efforts are still lacking to resolve the problems caused by the absence of basic sanitation. Residents believe that actions such as sewage treatment and environmental education can help preserve and improve the river. This work aims to promote knowledge about waterborne diseases, contribute to reducing the contamination of the Mearim River, and promote public health and environmental conservation in the city of Bacabal.