Análise multitemporal das mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra na Reserva Biológica do Gurupi (MA) entre os anos de 1985 a 2019

Abstract

Environmental studies based on the effects of human activities on the Earth's surface have become the focus of scientifíc discussions over the last few decades, thus requiring the geographic field to understand this duality between society versus nature, seeking to expiam, problematize and solve positive and reverses of earth system. Because of this scenario, the importance of environments protected by law that ensure Brazilian biodiversity is evident, as is the case of the study area of this research, the Gurupi Biological Reserve (REBIO), one of the 2,469 conservation units distributed throughout the territory. Located in the Eastem Amazon, in the western portion of the State of Maranhão, REBIO is under the administration of the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) and covers the municipalities of Centro Novo do Maranhão, Bom Jardim, and São João do Carú. Furthermore, it is part of the Center for Endemism of Belém (CEB), a region located in the physiographic zone of eastem Pará and western Maranhão, which includes 27 conservation units and 14 indigenous lands. This region presents a vast ecological diversity, however, it is considered the most threatened among all the centers of endemism in the Brazilian Amazon, as the area is one of the first to be occupied during the pioneer fronts. In this sense, there is a need to understand these dynamics within the State of Maranhão, especially in the Gurupi Biological Reserve, which is a region contained within the Federal Management Plan of the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), created in 1988. This research proposes to verify, in a multitemporal scale, the dynamics of land use and coverage, comprising the years 1985, 1995,2005,2015, and 2019, becoming relevant when to identify the transformations in REBIO do Gurupi. According to the data collected, it was inferred that the Natural Forest constituted by the Forest Formation is the predominant cover, which is characterized by the Dense Ombrophilous Forest and which, in recent years, has been losing space to other formations such as Campestre and Other Temporary Crops, which are a consequence of the intense anthropic action in the reserve. This assertion was proven when the information ffom the attribute tables of each decade was cross-referenced, pointing to an increase in deforestation between the years 2005 and 2015, when the Forest was giving way to other categories, with a predominance of the opening of areas for pasture. The results of this work may serve as a subsidy to deepen discussions on economic, social, and political activities that dialogue with environmental issues, both inside and outside the academy. Furthermore, it is directed not only to the geographic field but also to other fields, to integrate knowledge about the subject