Gestão dos recursos hídricos na cidade de São Luís - Maranhão

Abstract

Water is an essential resource for life, and its efficient management is fundamental to the social and environmental well-being of urban populations. This study focuses on the city of São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão, which faces serious structural challenges regarding water resource management. The central objective of the research was to analyze how water governance occurs in the city, with emphasis on the role of the Environmental Sanitation Company of Maranhão (CAEMA), the application of the National Water Resources Policy, and the planning and monitoring instruments used. The methodology followed a quantitative approach, including bibliographic and cartographic surveys, technical visits—such as the one conducted at CAEMA headquarters—and data analysis from institutions such as IBGE, SNIS, and the Water and Sanitation Institute. The data show that the Italuís System is responsible for approximately 60% of the city's water supply, supplemented by systems such as Sacavém, Paciência, Cidade Operária, and over 280 deep tubular wells. The city also features several Sewage Treatment Plants (ETEs), such as the Anil ETE, inaugurated in 2023, which directly benefits about 50,000 residents across 12 neighborhoods. On the other hand, persistent issues were also identified: 55.93% of the water is lost before reaching consumers, only 49.85% of the population has access to sewage collection services, and 13,980 residents lack piped water, relying on manual alternatives. Additionally, the metering index is below the national average, which compromises consumption control and efficiency. It is concluded that although the city has infrastructure and policies aligned with national guidelines, operational and social weaknesses persist, limiting full access to quality water. Institutional strengthening, reduction of water losses, and active public participation are essential for building a more equitable, efficient, and sustainable management of water resources, ensuring water as a public and fundamental right