Vulnerabilidade à erosão na ilha do Maranhão: influência do clima e das mudanças de uso e cobertura do solo

Abstract

Coastal zones, such as São Luís Island, face challenges related to unplanned urbanization and erosive processes, exacerbated by forest degradation and changes in surface runoff. This study analyzed the relationship between anthropization and socio-environmental and climatic vulnerability in the region, investigating how changes in land use and vegetation intensify erosive processes and impact the local microclimate. The research considered variables such as soils, land use and cover, precipitation, geomorphology, and geology to identify areas susceptible to erosion. Two methodological approaches were adopted: first, maps were created through geoprocessing to delineate areas vulnerable to erosion, taking into account the characteristics of the meteorological stations of the Eastern Amazon; second, urban growth, loss of natural areas, and climatic variations over 30 years were analyzed. The results indicated a high vulnerability to erosion in São Luís Island, with significant impacts of land use on the microclimate, as evidenced by variations in precipitation and temperatures (maximum, minimum, and average). The study highlighted the need to strengthen territorial planning, particularly in the municipalities of Paço do Lumiar, Raposa, and São José de Ribamar, through instruments such as the Master Plan and the creation of conservation units. It is also essential to preserve protected areas threatened by deforestation and promote sustainable urbanization integrated with forest conservation. To improve environmental balance and quality of life, especially in communities dependent on agriculture and fishing, it is crucial to value the traditional knowledge of fishing communities. Future studies should focus on extreme climatic events to mitigate erosive impacts. The research reinforces the importance of integrated actions to address the environmental and socioeconomic challenges of São Luís Island.