Degradação do patrimônio azulejar no centro Histórico de São Luís-MA: estudo sobre a Área de Tombamento Mundial, Federal e Estadual

Abstract

São Luís, capital of Maranhão, is still known as the "City of Tiles" by having an important architectural ensemble of recognized historic value, artistic and landscape. The architectural heritage of the historic center of St. Louis of essentially civil and religious architecture, is where concentrates significant number of buildings covered with old tiles remaining from the eighteenth, nineteenth and mid-twentieth century. This paper seeks, through field research and literature review, knowing Degradation Heritage Azulejos History Center of San Luis - MA, as well as knowing the origin of the tile, its evolution in the Iberian Peninsula and its history in Europe, after the Portuguese territory and its arrival on land and finally the Brazilian state of Maranhão. This study aims to identify the state of degradation of the tiles of the façades, detecting the causes, factors and conditions. The methodology was based on bibliographic data collection, data collection in the field, with the visual observation that allowed the detailed analysis of the state of conservation of the property with tiles in the specified area. Introducing qualitative approach. This made it possible to study the degradation state of the property. The study was conducted between March and June 2013. The study area comprises the research limits State, Federal and World Historical Center of St. Louis where she was selected a sample of ten (10) buildings facade tiling to do the study. The inclusion criterion was chosen mainly by the large area of their degradation. And the buildings were excluded more distant and less degradation index tiling. Data collection was via a plug and photographs of individual properties. The results were presented through the situational analysis of the current state of deterioration heritage tiling property. Identifying the main types of tiles selected by observing their manufacturing techniques and influences in art tiling and its insertion in Brazilian colonial architecture. Thus, we tried to diagnose the state of degradation of the existing heritage tiling in the historic center. Many buildings are in disrepair, stabilized and insulated doors and windows with bricks and cement mortar many homeowners leaking down from the roof and vegetation which favors the detachment of architectural support.