Expansão da ocupação humana e transformações dos ambientes costeiros na área urbana do município de Raposa – MA

Abstract

The coastal environment is characterized by its dynamism due to the natural aspects and / or the performance of society, whose relationship between these aspects in the geographic space is studied by several concepts, among them the environment, which allows to perceive the categories nature and society as a whole, a pertinent approach in the study of the coastal environment, since it is one of the busiest in the national scenario. In view of this discussion, the present research takes as an object of study the urban area of the municipality of Raposa, which is located in the north of the state of Maranhão. The locus of study represents the dynamics existing in the coastal environment, expressing the first occupational steps of the municipality in the late 1940s and early 1950s by migrants from Ceará, and the next occupational direction inland, establishing bases for the current configuration of the environment. Therefore, the research has as general objective to analyze the expansion of human occupation and its relations with the transformations of coastal environments in the urban area of the municipality of Raposa - MA. To achieve this goal, bibliographic and documentary research was used; satellite images from the years 1984, 1999 and 2018; mapping: the use and occupation of the soil; geomorphological; census variables; identification of environmental impacts; preparation of impact matrix, in addition to fieldwork; drone images and cabinet activity. In general, it was identified that there was an occupational increase in the study area, which is mostly in tidal flats, with the presence of mangroves and dune areas. In these spaces the growth of human occupation in the range from 1984 to 2018 was identified, with emphasis on recent processes of occupation of areas referring to Permanent Protection Areas (PPA), dating from the second decade of the 21st century. In relation to impacts, the research showed the interrelation between society and nature in the environment as a link of understanding, pointing to the presence of impacts with causes derived from society's action in nature; nature in society and between both. Most of the impacts were classified as negative, however, and there are also positive ones, mostly related to mitigating measures. As for the negative impacts, the most present are related to the deposition of solid residues and in natura depletion in the tidal plain area, which were related to the economic and social situation of the residents, when comparing the location of the impacts and variables by sector census, in the case of income and discharge of sewage directly into the sea. However, the negative impacts are not limited to the society / nature direction, but also in the nature / society sense, as in the case of coastal flooding processes, which affect residents who improperly occupy tidal flats, confirming the complexity of the environment studied, in constant transformation